While Western policymakers hoped that the State of Vietnam would become a friendly regime in an increasingly divided world, Vietnamese nationalists saw it as an opportunity to gain autonomy from foreign powers while challenging the communist-led Democratic Republic of Vietnam's claims to rule the country. As the Cold War intensified and the 1949 Chinese Revolution raised the specter of a communist victory in Asia, the French, their American backers and some non-communist Vietnamese nationalists formed a new Vietnamese state in 1949, the State of Vietnam. During the course of the war, Vietnamese communist leaders took power of the revolutionary state from their non-communist nationalist opponents. French diplomatic and military efforts to regain control of their former colony erupted into the First Indochina War in December 1946. In August 1945, the communist-led Việt Minh ("League for the Independence of Vietnam") seized political power in Hanoi and proclaimed the independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The Republic of Vietnam, better known as South Vietnam, emerged out of the political and military conflicts surrounding Vietnam's transition from French colonial rule to independence.
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